Do Ceramic Decals Have To Be Fired?

What Are Ceramic Decals?

Ceramic decals are thin images printed on transfer paper that can be applied to bisqueware, glazed ceramics, glass, and other smooth surfaces. The decal image is printed in reverse so that when it is transferred, the image appears correctly on the surface.

To apply a ceramic decal, the transfer paper is soaked in water which loosens the printed image from the backing. The decal is then slid off the paper backing and applied to the ceramic surface in the desired position. A squeegee or sponge is used to smooth out any air bubbles and ensure full contact between the decal and ceramics.

Once applied, ceramic decals become fused to the ceramic surface during the firing process. The high heat melts the decal image into the glaze for a permanent bond. Decals allow potters and ceramic artists to easily decorate pieces with intricate designs, patterns, text, or images that would be difficult to hand-paint.

Ceramic decals come in a wide variety of colors and designs. They can be used to personalize ceramic ware with names, dates, photos, logos, or artistic motifs. Many potters use decals for production work as each piece can be quickly decorated with a consistent image every time. The vibrant colors and crisp details of ceramic decals make them a versatile option for professional artists as well.

Decal Application Methods

There are two main types of ceramic decals – water-slide decals and press-on decals. Each has a different application method when used on ceramic surfaces.

Water-slide decals need to be soaked in water before application, which allows the decal to slide off the backing paper. The wet decal can then be positioned on the ceramic piece and slid into place. Excess water is squeegeed out and then the decal is allowed to dry before firing. Water-slide decals allow for intricate designs and easier positioning compared to press-on decals. For detailed instructions, check out this process video from @jhuangstudio: https://www.tiktok.com/@jhuangstudio/video/7213758633790770478

Press-on decals have an adhesive backing and can be directly pressed onto the ceramic surface without water. Placement needs to be precise when applying since the decals cannot slide. Press-on decals are best for simple designs and solid patterns. Ensure the ceramic is grease-free before application so the decals properly adhere. Let the press-on decals cure for 24 hours before firing.

Firing Ceramic Decals

Firing is an essential part of the decal process that fuses the decal to the ceramic or porcelain surface. The firing process melts the decal film so that it adheres permanently to the substrate. According to Ceramic Arts Daily, firing temperatures for ceramic decals typically range from cone 022-04 (1087-1143°F/585-617°C) (Ceramic Arts Daily). The specific temperature and time will depend on the type of decal, ceramic material, and kiln used.

In general, it’s recommended to fire most ceramic decals to cone 06 (1085°F/585°C) for best results. Firing time can range from 10-20 minutes at top temperature. It’s important not to underfire decals, as they may not adhere properly. Overfiring can burn or distort the decal. Work slowly up to the desired cone if unsure of exact firing requirements. Allow kiln to cool completely before removing fired piece.

Some decal manufacturers provide specific firing instructions. For example, Giraphix recommends firing their ceramic decals to cone 06 with a 20 minute hold (Giraphix). Always refer to decal package instructions when available for ideal results.

When Firing is Necessary

Firing is required when using water-slide decals on ceramic surfaces. Water-slide decals consist of the decal design printed on a water-soluble paper backing. To apply water-slide decals, the paper backing must first be soaked in water to release the decal from the paper. Once applied to the ceramic surface and allowed to dry, the decal design will not be permanently adhered without firing in a kiln.

Firing causes the decal design to fuse with the glaze on the ceramic surface through a vitrification process. Most water-slide ceramic decals require firing to a temperature between 1700°F – 2000°F (cones 015-020) according to the decal manufacturer’s instructions. At these temperatures, the decal design becomes permanently fused with the surface glaze finish. Without firing, water-slide decals may peel or wear off over time with cleaning or use.

Sources: https://www.baileypottery.com/blog/post/how-to-apply-water-slide-ceramic-decals.html, http://www.ceramicsmadeeasy.com/cme-articles/glazed-and-fired-finishes/how-to-fire-decals-on-ceramics/146/index.html

Firing Pros and Cons

Firing ceramic decals is an essential step to ensure they adhere properly and become a permanent part of the finished piece. According to Success with decals, firing bonds the decal components and fuses them into the glaze on the ceramic surface. Proper firing helps prevent issues like fading, shifting, dullness, and the decal rubbing off.

Firing also brings out the intended colors and effects of ceramic decals. The pigments and metals used to create the colors and patterns need to reach a certain temperature during firing before they fully develop. Skipping the firing means the decal colors will remain dull and muted.

However, firing does come with some downsides. As explained on the Ceramic Arts Daily forums, firing decals requires precision and care. Firing at too high of a temperature or for too long can burn or damage decals. It’s important to follow the manufacturer’s firing instructions to avoid this.

Additionally, the firing process adds time and complexity versus just applying decals without firing. However, the trade-off is absolutely worth it for professional-quality, durable results.

Finish Options

Besides firing, there are a few other options for finishing ceramic decals:

• Air drying – Allowing the decal adhesive to fully dry and cure at room temperature. This is the easiest method but results in decals that are less durable.
• Oven drying – Placing decals in a low temperature oven (200°F or less) to speed up adhesive drying and curing. Faster than air drying but still less durable.
• Sealing – Applying a protective sealer like polyurethane over dried decals to add some durability. Requires extra steps and supplies.

The main pros of finishing without firing are speed and convenience – no kiln is required. Air drying can take 1-3 days whereas oven drying may only take a few hours. The cons are reduced durability and longevity of the decals compared to fired ones. Unfired decals may wear, fade, or peel more easily with regular use and washing.

Firing yields the most durable results, but requires access to a kiln. For hobbyists without a kiln, one of the non-fired finishing methods may be the only viable option. The choice depends on the time available and how much use the finished piece will get.

Decal Durability

When it comes to the durability and longevity of ceramic decals, firing them in a kiln is crucial. The heat from kiln firing fuses the decal onto the ceramic surface, creating a permanent bond that can withstand repeated washing and handling (Ceramic Decal Questions & Answers). Without firing, decals will not truly adhere to the ceramic and can easily scratch, peel or rub off with regular use.

One of the main risks of applying ceramic decals without firing is that they can easily be removed or damaged. Even minimal contact or washing can cause unfired decals to deteriorate over time. For long-lasting results, firing fixes decals in place to prevent peeling, scratching or transfer of the image (Burning Off Decals – Ceramic Arts Daily Forums). Firing intensifies and seals the color into the glaze as well. Unfired decals have a high chance of fading, bleeding or smearing if exposed to moisture.

In summary, firing is necessary to make ceramic decals durable. Without kiln firing, decals remain vulnerable and temporary, making firing essential for creating a lasting decorative effect on ceramic ware.

Project Ideas

When working with non-fired decals, some ceramic pieces are better suited than others. According to the article on no-fire decals from National Artcraft https://www.nationalartcraft.com/categoryC.asp?gid=19&cid=204, flat surfaces like tiles, plates, and mugs tend to work best.

The smooth, flat surface allows the decal to adhere evenly across the entire area without risk of cracking or peeling. Tiles and plates are ideal for full photo transfers or patterned decals that cover a large section.

Mugs work well for smaller decals like names, monograms, or small images. The curved surface can make application a bit trickier, so take care when positioning decals on mugs or cups.

While non-fired decals can be used on many ceramic pieces, firing is still recommended for items that will receive heavy use and cleaning. According to the article from National Artcraft, firing provides more durability for decals on dinnerware, coasters, serving platters, and similar pieces. The high temperatures permanently fuse the decal to the glazed ceramic.

For decorative items that won’t be touched often, non-fired decals offer convenience without sacrificing quality. But for ceramics that will be used frequently, firing the decals is advised whenever possible.

Tips and Tricks

If you want to apply ceramic decals without firing them, there are some tips to maximize durability:

Make sure the surface is very clean before applying the decal. Wipe with rubbing alcohol to remove any oils or debris (The *Definitive* Guide to Using Ceramic Decals, Glass).

Apply a thin layer of decal adhesive before adding the decal for better adhesion. Let this dry fully before decal application (Decorating with Ceramic Decals).

Once the decal is applied, seal it with a clear acrylic spray sealant. Multiple thin coats allow the decal to flex without cracking (can anyone help me with ceramic decals).

Avoid placing unfired decals in areas exposed to frequent contact or washing. The durability will be lower than a fired decal.

Final Takeaways

In summary, firing is required if you want the decals to be dishwasher safe and have maximum durability. The high heat of the kiln permanently fuses the decals to the ceramic surface. Without firing, decals can still adhere but may peel or scratch off more easily, especially if exposed to moisture or abrasion. So firing is recommended for any objects that will be frequently handled or washed.

However, firing requires access to a kiln which can be expensive. If you want to avoid firing, there are some alternatives:

• Use self-adhesive vinyl decals instead of ceramic decals – these stick without firing. Source: https://www.captivedecals.com/pages/ceramic-decal-questions
• Apply a clear acrylic spray sealant over unfired ceramic decals for a bit more protection.
• Reserve unfired decaled pieces for display only, not heavy usage.

So in summary, firing ceramics decals is recommended but not absolutely mandatory. There are trade-offs either way depending on your project needs and resources.